Jurnal Internasional

Abstract
This research was aimed to determine the effect of nano calcium of freshwater mussel (Pilsbryoconcha sp.) shell on cookies towards proximate composition and calcium content. Cookies were prepared by fortified with nano calcium of freshwater mussel shell consist of 4 levels of treatment: 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. Cookies were evaluated for proximate analysis (moisture, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content), calcium, phosphorus content, and consumer acceptance. Findings it was observed that fortification of nano calcium of freshwater mussel shells significantly increased the calcium (Ca) and phosphorus content (P) of cookies when compared to the control treatment, with the highest value of calcium (6.91%) and phosphorus (1.36%) of 1.5% fortification treatment. Meanwhile, based on consumer acceptance that 1% fortification of nano calcium of freshwater mussel shell on cookies was most preferred with calcium content 5.97%, phosphorus content 1.24%, and proximate content of moisture, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate content was 3.26%, 2.26%, 10.12%, 29.32%, and 55.33%, respectively.

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Abstract
Dietary salted by-catches and fish viscera meal mixtures could totally replace fishmeal without negative effect on growth performance of small size (4–25 g) river catfish Hemibagrus nemurus, however, their effects on carcass quality and growth of on-growing river catfish remained uninvestigated. The present study therefore was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fishmeal (FM) replacement with salted by-catches and fish viscera meal mixtures (SBVM) on growth, feed utilization, and carcass quality of on-growing (120–300 g) river catfish. Four isoproteic and isocaloric (34% crude protein and 17 Kj g−1 gross energy) diets were prepared, where dietary FM was replaced with SBVM at levels of 0% as control diet (SBVM0), 50% (SBVM50), 75% (SBVM75), and 100% (SBVM100). A commercial pelleted diet (CD) was used as a reference. A total of 750 on-growing river catfish, 118.95 ± 2.19 g in weight was randomly distributed into 5 triplicate net cages (2 m × 2 m × 1.20 m) at a density of 50 fish per cage. The fish was fed at apparent satiation twice a day for a period of 90 days. Substitution of dietary FM with SBVM up to 75% did not affect survival rate, specific growth rate, weight gain, feed and protein efficiency, lipid retention, protein retention, amino acid profile, body proximate composition, edible flesh, carcass waste, dress-out percentage, flesh liquid holding capacity (P > 0.05). The sensory quality of the fish was comparable with the control and reference diets (P > 0.05). Complete substitution of dietary FM by SBVM negatively impacted specific growth rate, weight gain, feed intake, protein retention, body protein and lipid, lipid retention, flesh liquid holding capacity, and fillet appearance and texture (P < 0.05). Therefore, the SBVM can replace FM in the diet of river catfish up to 75%.

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Abstract
Sea urchin is a food that has high nutrition for consumption and sale. Utilization of the gonad Diadema setosum as a food ingredient because it has high nutritional value, such as food additives, fermented products, and body health. Sea urchin gonad components consist of amino acids that are beneficial in various fields of health, especially in increasing the immune system. This study aims to obtain the value of the proportion and chemical composition of sea urchins gonad. The research method consisted of two stages, namely: 1) Preparation of sea urchin gonadal flour and 2) Proximate analysis of sea urchins gonad. Parameters observed consisted of morphology, proportion of sea urchins, and proximate sea urchins. The results showed that 7 cm diameter sea urchins had a proportion value of 11.11% shell and 4.44% gonad. The chemical composition of sea urchins gonad is moisture content 74.54%, ash content 17.44% (db), protein content 58.96% (db), fat content 20.31% (db), and carbohydrates 3.30% (db).

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Abstract
Chlorella sp. is a type of micro-sized green algae obtained in fresh or marine waters. However, many factors need to evaluate the growth of Chlorella sp. mainly the culture conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the culture conditions in optimizing the growth of Chlorella sp. newly isolated from Bagansiapiapi marine waters. The experiment was carried out at temperature ±25°C, light intensity 2300 Lux using TL-D lamp (36 W). There were six treatments as culture conditions for the cultivation of Chlorella sp.:1). Bean Sprouts (Vigna radiata) Extract Media (BSEM) with light continuously, 2. BSEM with a Photoperiod light:dark (10:14h), 3. Tofu waste media with light continuously, 4. Tofu waste media with a photoperiod light:dark (10: 14h), 5. Fish pellet solutions media (25%), 6. Fish pellet solutions media (50%). The parameter observed was the growth, cell density and the specific growth rate of Chlorella sp. every 2 days for 14 days of cultivation. Based on the results shown that the marine Chlorella sp. from Bagansiapiapi waters could be adapted to all treatments. Nevertheless, the use of BSEM light continuously obtained the highest cell density (27.75 x 105 cell/ml) on 12 days and continues to increase until 14 days, while the other treatments had decreased. Furthermore, the Chlorella sp. obtained the specific growth rate was 0.42. Therefore, the marine Chlorella sp. from Bagansiapiapi could be cultivated in BSEM light continuously for further development as a functional food or bioactive source in pharmaceutical products.

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Abstract
Freshwater mussel (Pilsbryoconcha sp.) shells have a proportion of 51.93%, which is included in the solid waste resulting from the processing of mussels. In fact, mussel shells are rich in minerals, especially high calcium, with a calcium content of 39.55%. So innovation is needed so that the utilization of mussel shells is maximized. One way is through the valorization of mussel shells into products with high added value. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the CaO (calcium oxide) extract of freshwater mussel shells. Valorization of mussel shells into calcium oxide (CaO) flour by calcination method at 1000°C temperature. The test parameters were yield, functional groups using the FTIR instrument, macro (calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus) and micro minerals (Manganese, zinc, iron, and sodium) using the AAS instrument. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics of calcium oxide (CaO) flour from the shell of the freshwater mussel (Pilsbryoconcha sp.) included: the proportion of shell 51.90%, the proportion of meat and viscera 48.10%; CaO yield of 56.47%; identified the Ca-O group at a wavelength of 1 661, 1 409, 1 116, and 875 cm-1; and dominated by calcium content of 76.27% to potential as a calcium precursor in the synthesis of hydroxyapatite.

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The mask with natural extracts is more acceptable by consumers at present. The Chlorella sp. is one of the microalgae which contain the antioxidant compound. The research aimed to obtain the best concentration of Chlorella sp. in the manufacturing of masks and to evaluate the sensory, physical properties, chlorophyll a b, carotenoid and its antioxidant compound. Non-factorial Completely Randomized Design with 4 level treatments was used in this study with different concentrations of Chlorella sp. powder whereas MW0 (without chlorella powder), MW1 (0.4% chlorella powder), MW2 (0.5% chlorella powder), MW3 (0.6% chlorella powder), triplicated. The parameter assay was observed for sensory (color, texture, and odor), physical properties (homogeneity, pH, spreadability, drying time), chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and antioxidant activity. Based on the result of this study shows that the MW3 with 0.6% of chlorella powder was the best treatment with sensory value (8.28, 7.08, 7.37); physical properties (homogenous, 5.3, 7.5 cm, 24-30 minutes), respectively. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a 0.67 mg/L, chlorophyll b 0.89 mg/L, total chlorophyll 1.63 mg/L, carotenoid 0.84 mg/L, the antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. mask was 246.70 mg/L. Therefore, the present study suggested that the Chlorella sp. mask could be used in cosmeceutical products, and potentially as an antiaging.

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Abstract
This research was carried out to determine the substitution values of fermented salted marine trash fish (FSMTF) for dietary conventional fishmeal (CFM) on growth of nemurus catfish. Four isoproteic (34% crude protein) and isocaloric (3.15 kcal DE g−1) diets were formulated. One diet was a control diet (C) in which 44% CFM was included and no FSMTF. Other three diets were test diets in which CFM was substituted with FSMTF, 50% (FSMTF-50), 75% (FSMTF-75) and 100% (FSMTF-100). A commercial diet (COM) which composed of 31 % crude protein and 2.90 kcal DE g−1 was also tested as a comparison. Nemurus catfish, 47±3.94 g in weight were distributed into triplicate net cages (2x2x1.5 m), 40 fishes per m3 water, and fed experimental diets two times daily for two months. Total substitution of fishmeal with FSMTF (FSMTF-100) in the fish diet did not affect fish growth (weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate), feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein utilization as compared to control diet. Total substitution of CFM with FSMTF gave better feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein utilization than commercial diet. FSMTF therefore can completely replace CFM in the diet of nemurus catfish.

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